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OUGD501 / CONTEXT OF PRACTICETHE GAZE AND THE MEDIA
LECTURE 4.
John Berger (1972) 'Men act and women appear. Men look at women. women watch themselves being looked at'
Hans Memling ' Vanity' (1485)
Painting a nude because it give him pleasure. However by placing a mirror in her hand and because she is looking at herself its ok for him to look at her.
The devise of the mirror appears in advertising and publishing as you can see I'm the image below, there is no return the gaze as we cannot see her eyes as she is immersed in her reflection and how she looks.
Alexandre Cabanel 'Birth of Venus' (1863)
Because she is not acnologing the gaze from us gives the implication that the woman is not challenging the gaze and invites the audience to look.
Sophie Dahl for Opium
First deemed too sexual due to the pose and angle of the body with her hands on her breasts. Due to this, the producers simply made the adjustment of turning the image on its side to lessen the emphasis on the body and its venerable, submissive position when laying horizontally.
'Titians Venus of Urbino' (1538)
The look in the woman's face is flirty and inviting as her head is nodded to one side, but her gaze is at us. the position of her left hand could be read as covering herself up or drawing attention to her nakedness.
Manet - 'Olypia' 1863
This painting has a very similar in stance and positioning of the woman. It is seen as different as the hand position is definitely there to stop the viewer seeing this part of her body and her gaze is directed as the viewer in an almost challenging way. This woman is a prostitute which give a sense of reality rather than a mythical being. She is displayed as a modern nude subject with wealth being displayed through the jewellery she is wearing and that she has a maid accompanying her.
Manet 'Bar at the Foliies Berge'
Made this portrait as a self portrait. He creates a different view using mirrors however these do not show correct reflections. Monet is also present in this image with his reflection in the background.
Jeff wall 'picture for women (1979)
this is a recreation of Monet s painting and uses a similar mirrored image as well as the look on the woman's face and her body stance. there is a complex use of space that shows a receding background which is disconcerting as the viewer is not sure were they star with the gaze of the women.
Coward R. 1984
The action of the camera replicates the mae gaze. The figure of a semi-naked woman has been normalised with the surroundings of everyday people in a city. She is wearing sunglasses which implies the gaze is not returned and give the viewer a feel they can look as she is not looking back.
The more we associate our selves with these half naked women media the more we see is as acceptable and in some ways influential.
Peeping Tom 1960
A film on a peeping tom that films woman and kills them.
Eva Herzigova (1994)
Shows the normalisation of a woman in underwear in the middle of a city. This billboard would be situated within a city looking down at passers by. you cannot see her eyes which means she is not returning the gaze.
There is also objectification of the male body. This image of the man shows him in a sleeping manner with his eyes are shut which invites use to look.
Form 2007
All the men in this advert are returning the gaze. This is different to the passing of the gaze that is usually present with women.
Marilyn (1950)
A study of spectatorship. A look at the framing during a movie regarding male and females. the females of the film are never the drivers of the scenes they are passive to the male actors. Cinemas are a darkened room, which can be taken as a seductive method of letting the audience disappear. They can look on the film with out them selves being seen by those in the film or others in the audience.
Atemisia Gentileschi 'Judith Beheading Holofernes'
Reference to women being active in a more masculine dominating and bloody way. She states that women have been left out of our history and aims to reposition women and making them visible.
Pollock G (1981)
Women 'marginalised with in the masculine discorces of art history'. This marginalisation supports the 'hegemony of men in culture practice, in art'.
Women are not only marginalised but suppose to be marginalised.
Cindy Sherman 'Untitled film still'
Her work challenges the gaze. the woman is in the reclining position however the image has been turned around. She is holding a mirror in her hand howeverr it is face down on the bed. It shows that this is not someone laying naturally and gives a feeling of awqurdness when looking at he half naked body.
Barbera Cruger
'Your gaze hits the side of my face'
Text looks as if it is cut from a news paper. Challenges the objectification of the gaze on women and hints a vilont stop to it.
Sarah Lucas
The gaze is returned with an annoyed look on her face in a way implying'what are you looking at' which detieres the gaze making in uncomfortable.
her work could not be real because she is making money through her work. She is symbolising a prostitution feel.
Caroline Lucas (june 2013)
She was not allowed to take the t-shirt off due to its inapropietness, however she used this as a comparison as the sun news paper was avaiabe for sale all over westminster.
Criado -Perez
High profile campaigns to get women recognition. The women on the 5 pound note was going to be replaced for Winnston churchill however the argument was made that this would then remove women from history.
She revived thousands of death threats and threats of murder and rape due to her role in the argument over the 5pound note.
Also stood for the exclusion of page three from the sun newspaper. She has also got multiple deathreats.
Women are seen to be removed form history. Many papers used this headline which totally ignored Vaginia Wade who had won the compotition 30 years ago.
The aspect of social networking can be used to perpetuate the male gaze.
Susan Sontag
To photograph something is to appropriate the thing photographed. This means that once you have taken the photograph this images is then yours .
Our need for images drives a huge market that draws in a lot of money. Its about finial gain and if the shot were not there then the market would not exist.
BIG BROTHER
Appears to give the audience power in the way that it allows the audience to overlook everything as well as having the power to vote out individuals and dictate what goes on.
There is the double layer of the contestants being aware of the audience.
Partispants carry around this knowing they are being looked out and are passive to this which makes the audience feel more comfortable looking at them.
The Truman Show.
As a child he is born into a reality show and hw grows up not knowing this. He finds out the his life is a set up and staged event.
'Looking is not indifferent. There can never be any question of 'ljust looking'.
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